This picture was taken during the interview I did at the locality of Tchipeio, Humpata municipality, Huila province, on 16th March. It was a group of 7 peasants who owned cattle for using in agriculture (for pulling the plow and using its manure for land fertilization). They were members of the Tunga Hokule peasants association, and all of them were from the Nyaneka-Nkumbi population group, one of the most affected by the land demarcation done in favour of Europeans in the late colonial period. Until nowadays they live together with the limitations that resulted from land displacement, poor infrastructures and climate change effects. Cattle theft and robbery is a big issue here.

These pictures were taken on March 13^th  during a visit I made to the kraal of a Ngambwe herder, at the municipality of Chiange/Gambos, Huila province. This is a 66 years-old herder, called Antonio Manuel Kaita, who is the president of the Ovatumby herders association. The visit was important to get to know how the association works, and also to find out how cattle herding evolved in the southwest of Angola since independence. A major change is that they started to crossbreed local Ngambwe cattle with exotic breeds (they call them "cattle from Namibia" or "cattle from South Africa", not being sure about the official name of the breed). The results of this breeding endeavour seems to be good, as the crossbred cattle is notably bigger and with more beef.

April 2^nd: Going to fieldwork at the locality of Chiulo, Humbe municipality, Cunene province. A good representation of what I faced in some places at Humbe, Humpata, and Gambos.

This was an interview I did  at the locality of Okambada, Ondjiva municipality, Cunene province, on 23rd March. The interview took place at the house (they call it "quimbo") of Inacio Felix Hidinwa, a Mukwanyama herder and griot who told me stories from the revolt of the Ovakwanyama people, but also some very good stories about the colonial era. He is from the lineage of the most powerful Kwanyama King, Mandume, deposed by the Portuguese in 1915. The Ovakwanyama are known to be among the strongest and skilful cattle herders of Angola. Cattle is a central part of their economic, social, cultural and religious life.

During my fieldwork in Angola, I visited various pastoralist and agropastoralist communities in areas such as Humpata (home to the Nyaneka-Nkumbi people), Gambos (home to the Ngambwe people), Humbe (home to the Nkumbi people), Namacunde and Ondjiva (home to the Kwanyama people), and Moçâmedes (home to the Kuvale people). This varied sample of societies enabled me to gain an understanding of the diversity of pastoralism within the pastoralist zone of Angola (the southwestern part of the country). While people living around Humpata and Lubango use cattle as draft animals in agriculture, positioning themselves as agropastoralists, those living further in the south, closer to the Namibe region and the Kalahari Desert, specialise more in pastoralism, devoting more time and work to cattle rearing. This specialisation is the result of the environmental conditions faced by the communities and the (un)suitability of the land for agriculture, as well as the sociocultural practices developed by these societies over centuries.